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Disease Database
Retinal Dystrophies

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Disease Genelocus MIM Gene Gene MIM MoI Assignment

Linked Marker [cM] Remarks References
Autosomal dominant Stargardt-like Disease STGD4 603786

ad 4p

D4S3007-[~12 D4S1582- D4S2639- D4S2944- D4S1602- D4S403- D4S1601- D4S2397 (includes retinal proteins DRP-1 and HSP90)]
(12)
Central areolar choroidal dystrophy CACD 215500

ad 17p13-12

tel- D17S849-[5.7]-(D17S5-[2.9]- D17S1298-[5.3]- D17S938-[1]- D17S796-[3.6]- D17S786/D17S952-[2.9]- D17S804/D17S945-[0.7]- D17S520-cen
  • Northern Irish family
  • (16)
    Cystoid macular dystrophy DCMD 153880

    ad 7p21-15

    D7S526
    (14)
    (36)
    Doyne's honeycomb retinal dystrophy DHRD 126600 EFEMP1 601548 ad 2p16

    D2S119-- D2S391-[1]- D2S2227-[3]- D2S2316-[5 D2S2739- DS2251-[1]- D2S2325-[1]- D2S378-[3]- D2S370-- D2S147
    (7)
    Enhanced S-cone Syndrome ESCS 268100 NR2E3, PNR 604485 ar 15q23

    D15S131
    D15S204
  • 94% mutation detection rate
  • (8)
    Fundus flavimaculatus with macular dystrophy STGD1 248200 ABCR 601691 ar 1p21-13

    tel- D1S311- D1S207- D1S167- D1S435- D1S188- D1S1170- D1S424- D1S406- D1S236- D1S497- D1S420- D1S206- D1S415-cen
  • Intrafamilial variability with early- and late-onset cases
  • (1)
    (2)
    (6)
    (9)
    (29)
    Fundus Xerophthalmicus

    RBP4 180250 ar 10q24

    D10S571
    D10S185

    (22)
    Juvenile Stargardt disease STGD1 248200 ABCR 601691 ar 1p22-21

    D1S406- D1S236
    (2)
    (1)
    (21)
    (29)
    Macular dystrophy with flecks
    Stargardt 2
    STGD2 153900

    ad 13q34

    D13S159- D13S158
    (37)
    Macular dystrophy with flecks
    Stargardt 3
    STGD3 600110

    ad 6q14

    D6S313- D6S252
    D6S280

    (13)
    (28)
    Macular dystrophy
    atypical vitelliform
    VMD1 153840

    ad 8q24

    GPT1
    (5)
    (20)
    Progressive macular dystrophy
    North Carolina Type
    MCDR1 136550

    ad 6q16

    cen- D6S275/D6S361-[0.4]- D6S492-[0.2]- D6S424-[0.3]- D6S300-[1.2]- D6S1682-[0.5]- D6S501-[0.4]- D6S249-[0.3]- AFM270XE5-[0.1]- D6S1716-[0.1]- WI-2896-[0.1]- D6S1717-[0.1]- D6S1565-[0.1]-GATAp9365-[0.3]- D6S1671-[0.6]- D6S468-[1.0]- D6S283-tel
  • French family
  • Irish family
  • (23)
    (24)
    (25)
    Retinal Dysplasia PRD 312550

    xl Xp11.3-11.23



    (19)
    Retinal pattern dystrophy
    179605 RDS/Peripherin 179605 ad 6p12



    (11)
    (15)
    Retinitis punctata albescens
    136880 RDH5 601617 ar 12q13-14



    (35)
    Retinitis punctata albescens
    136880 RDS/Peripherin 179605 ar 6p12



    (10)
    Retinitis punctata albescens
    136880 RHO 180380 ar 3q21-24



    (26)
    (34)
    Sorsby´s Fundus Dystrophy SFD 136900 TIMP3 188826 ad 22q12-13.2



    (4)
    (3)
    (31)
    Vitelliform macular dystrophy
    Best disease
    VMD2
    BMD
    153700 Bestrophin
    ad 11q12-q13.1

    UGB- D11S4076-(0,98 Mb)- D11S1765 (1.2 - 1.5 Mb)
    (17)
    (18)
    (27)
    (30)
    (33)
    (32)

    MoI = Mode of Inheritance: a: autosomal, ad: autosomal dominant, ar: autosomal recessive, xl: x-linked, mt: mitochondrial

    References

    1. Allikmets, R., Shroyer, N.F., Singh, N., Seddon, J.M., Lewis, R.A., Bernstein, P.S., Peiffer, A., Zabriskie, N.A., Li, Y., Hutchinson, A., Dean, M., Lupski, J.R., and Leppert, M. Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. 1997; Science. 277: 1805 - 1807.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    2. Allikmets, R., Singh, N., Sun, H., Shroyer, N.F., Hutchinson, A., Chidambaram, A., Gerrard, B., Baird, L., Stauffer, D., Peiffer, A., Rattner, A., Smallwood, P., Li, Y., Anderson, K.L., Lewis, R.A., Nathans, J., Leppert, M., Dean, M., and Lupski, J.R. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. 1997; Nat.Genet. 15: 236 - 246.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    3. Felbor, U., Benkwitz, C., Kein, M.L., Greenberg, K., Gregory, C.Y., Weber, B.H.F., Klein, M.L., Greenberg, J., and Weber, B.H. Sorsby fundus dystrophy - reevaluation of variable expressivity in patients carrying a timp3 founder mutation. 1997; Arch.Ophthalmol. 115: 1569 - 1571.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    4. Felbor, U., Suvanto, E.A., Forsius, H.R., Eriksson, A.W., and Weber, B.H. Autosomal recessive Sorsby fundus dystrophy revisited: molecular evidence for dominant inheritance. 1997; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 60: 57 - 62.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    5. Ferrell, R.E., Hittner, H.M., and Antoszyk, J.H. Linkage of atypical vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD-1) to the soluble glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT1) locus. 1983; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 35: 78 - 84.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    6. Gerber, S., Rozet, J.M., Bonneau, D., Souied, E., Camuzat, A., Dufier, J.L., Amalric, P., Weissenbach, J., Munnich, A., and Kaplan, J. A gene for late-onset fundus flavimaculatus with macular dystrophy maps to chromosome 1p13. 1995; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 56: 396 - 399.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    7. Gregory, C.Y., Evans, K., Wijesuriya, S.D., Kermani, S., Jay, M.R., Plant, C., Cox, N., Bird, A.C., and Bhattacharya, S.S. The gene responsible for autosomal dominant Doyne's honeycomb retinal dystrophy (DHRD) maps to chromosome 2p16. 1996; Hum.Mol.Genet. 5: 1055 - 1059.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    8. Haider, N.B., Jacobson, S.G., Cideciyan, A.V., Swiderski, R., Streb, L.M., Searby, C., Beck, G., Hockey, R., Hanna, D.B., Gorman, S., Duhl, D., Carmi, R., Bennett, J., Weleber, R.G., Fishman, G.A., Wright, A.F., Stone, E.M., and Sheffield, V.C. Mutation of a nuclear receptor gene, NR2E3, causes enhanced S cone syndrome, a disorder of retinal cell fate [see comments]. 2000; Nat.Genet. 24: 127 - 131.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    9. Hoyng, C.B., Poppelaars, F., van de Pol, T.J., Kremer, H., Pinckers, A.J., Deutman, A.F., and Cremers, F.P. Genetic fine mapping of the gene for recessive Stargardt disease. 1996; Hum.Genet. 98: 500 - 504.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    10. Kajiwara, K., Sandberg, M.A., Berson, E.L., and Dryja, T.P. A null mutation in the human peripherin/RDS gene in a family with autosomal dominant retinitis punctata albescens. 1993; Nat.Genet. 3: 208 - 212.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    11. Keen, T.J., Inglehearn, C.F., Kim, R., Bird, A.C., Bhattacharya, S.S., and Bhattacharya, S. Retinal pattern dystrophy associated with a 4 bp insertion at codon 140 in the RDS-peripherin gene. 1994; Hum.Mol.Genet. 3: 367 - 368.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    12. Kniazeva, M., Chiang, M., Morgan, B., Anduze, A., Zack, D., and Zhang, K. A New Gene For Autosomal Dominant Stargardt-Like Disease. 1999; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 40: S602
    Goto Top

    13. Kniazeva, M., Cutting, G.R., Garibaldi, D., Zack, D.J., Han, M., and Zhang, K. Autosomal dominant Stargardt macular dystrophy: clinical features and genetic linkage of a three generation family. 1998; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 63: A295
    Goto Top

    14. Kremer, H., Pinckers, A., van den Helm, B., Deutman, A.F., Ropers, H.H., and Mariman, E.C. Localization of the gene for dominant cystoid macular dystrophy on chromosome 7p. 1994; Hum.Mol.Genet. 3: 299 - 302.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    15. Kumar Singh, R., Jordan, S.A., Farrar, G.J., and Humphries, P. Poly (T/A) polymorphism at the human retinal degeneration slow (RDS) locus. 1991; Nucleic.Acids.Res. 19: 5800
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    16. Lotery, A.J., Hughes, A.E., Silvestri, G., Ennis, K., Nicholl, S., McGibbon, D., and Archer, D.B. Localisation of a gene for central areolar choroidal dystrophy to chromosome 17p. 1996; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 37: S1124
    Goto Top

    17. Nichols, B.E., Bascom, R., Litt, M., McInnes, R., Sheffield, V.C., and Stone, E.M. Refining the locus for Best vitelliform macular dystrophy and mutation analysis of the candidate gene ROM1. 1994; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 54: 95 - 103.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    18. Petrukhin, K., Koisti, M.J., Bakall, B., Li, W., Xie, G., Marknell, T., Sandgren, O., Forsman, K., Holmgren, G., Andreasson, S., Vujic, M., Bergen, A.A., McGarty Dugan, V., Figueroa, D., Austin, C.P., Metzker, M.L., Caskey, C.T., and Wadelius, C. Identification of the gene responsible for Best macular dystrophy. 1998; Nat.Genet. 19: 241 - 247.
    Goto Top

    19. Ravia, Y., Braier Goldstein, O., Bat Miriam, K.M., Erlich, S., Barkai, G., and Goldman, B. X-linked recessive primary retinal dysplasia is linked to the Norrie disease locus. 1993; Hum.Mol.Genet. 2: 1295 - 1297.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    20. Rocha, J., Amorim, A., Almeida, V.M., Oliveira, J.P., Leao, M., Tavares, M.C., Pereira, M.S., and Vidal Pinheiro, L. Gene dosage evidence for the regional assignment of GPT (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; E.C. 2.6.1.2) locus to 8q24.2 - 8qter. 1988; Hum.Genet. 80: 299 - 300.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    21. Rozet, J.M., Gerber, S., Perrault, I., Camuzat, A., Viegas-Pequignot, E., Molina-Gomes, D., Le Paslier, D., Chumakov, I., Munnich, A., and Kaplan, J. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human Dr1 gene and exclusion as Stargardt's disease causal gene. 1996; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 37: S991
    Goto Top

    22. Seeliger, M.W., Biesalski, H.K., Wissinger, B., Gollnick, H., Gielen, S., Frank, J., Beck, S., and Zrenner, E. Phenotype in retinol deficiency due to a hereditary defect in retinol binding protein synthesis. 1999; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 40: 3 - 11.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    23. Small, K.W., Puech, B., Mullen, L., and Yelchits, S. North carolina macular dystrophy phenotype in france maps to the MCDR1 Locus. 1997; Mol.Vis. 3: 1
    Goto Top
    Human Mutation Online

    24. Small, K.W., Sanchez, A.R., Yelchitis, S.V., Kelley, K.C., Jimenez-Morillas, M.E., Mullen, L.M., Stalvey, M.S., Dickel, C.D., Rao, N., and Pettenati, M.J. Physical mapping of the MCDR1 (North Carolina Macular Dystrophy) locus. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35 (Suppl.): 1717
    Goto Top

    25. Small, K.W., Weber, J., Roses, A., and Pericak Vance, P. North Carolina macular dystrophy (MCDR1). A review and refined mapping to 6q14-q16.2. 1993; Ophthalmic Paediatr.Genet. 14: 143 - 150.
    Goto Top

    26. Souied, E., Soubrane, G., Benlian, P., Coscas, G.J., Gerber, S., Munnich, A., and Kaplan, J. Retinitis punctata albescens associated with the Arg135Trp mutation in the rhodopsin gene. 1996; Am.J.Ophthalmol. 121: 19 - 25.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    27. Stoehr, H., Marquardt, A., Cooper, P., Nowak, N.J., Shows, T.B., Gerhard, D.S., and Weber, B.H.F. Gene map of the Best's disease candidate region in 11q12-q13.1. 1996; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 59: A313
    Goto Top

    28. Stone, E.M., Nichols, B.E., Kimura, A.E., Weingeist, T.A., Drack, A., and Sheffield, V.C. Clinical features of a Stargardt-like dominant progressive macular dystrophy with genetic linkage to chromosome 6q [see comments]. 1994; Arch.Ophthalmol. 112: 765 - 772.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    29. Sun, H. and Nathans, J. Stargardt's ABCR is localized to the disc membrane of retinal rod outer segments [letter]. 1997; Nat.Genet. 17: 15 - 16.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    30. Wadelius, C., Graff, C., Forsman, K., Eriksson, A., Sandgren, O., Weissenbach, J., and Holmgren, G. Genetic and physical mapping of the gene for Bests macular dystrophy. 1996; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 59: A240
    Goto Top

    31. Weber, B.H., Vogt, G., Pruett, R.C., Stohr, H., and Felbor, U. Mutations in the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3) in patients with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. 1994; Nat.Genet. 8: 352 - 356.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    32. Weber, B.H., Walker, D., Muller, B., and Mar, L. Best's vitelliform dystrophy (VMD2) maps between D11S903 and PYGM: no evidence for locus heterogeneity Best's vitelliform dystrophy (VMD2) maps between D11S903 and PYGM: no evidence for locus heterogeneity. 1994; Genomics. 20: 267 - 274.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    33. Weber, B.H.F., Stöhr, H., Passmore, L.A., Krämer, F., Rivera, A., and Marquardt, A. Mutations in a novel gene, VMD2, encoding a protein of unknown properties cause juvenile-onset vitelliform macular dystrophy (Best's disease). 1998; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 63: A4
    Goto Top

    34. Weber, J.L. and May, P.E. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. 1989; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 44: 388 - 396.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    35. Yamamoto, H., Simon, A., Eriksson, U., Harris, E., Berson, E.L., and Dryja, T.P. Mutations in the gene encoding 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase cause delayed dark adaptation and fundus albipunctatus. 1999; Nat.Genet. 22: 188 - 191.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    36. Yamamoto, R., Li, X., Francke, U., and Kilimann, M.W. Genetic mapping of the human amphiphysin gene (AMPH) at 7p14-p13 excludes its involvement in retinitis pigmentosa 9 or dominant cystoid macular dystrophy. 1995; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 57: 970 - 972.
    Goto Top | Link to PubMed

    37. Zhang, K., Bither, P.P., Park, R., Donoso, L.A., Seidman, J.G., and Seidman, C.E. A dominant Stargardt's macular dystrophy locus maps to chromosome 13q34. 1994; Arch.Ophthalmol. 112: 759 - 764.
    Goto Top


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    This site is maintained and edited by
    Dr. rer. medic. Markus Preising, Dipl.Biol.
    Molecular Genetics Laboratory
    Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismology and Ophthalmogenetics
    University of Regensburg
    Head: Prof. Dr. med. Birgit Lorenz