Retina International's Scientific Newsletter

	Retina International's Scientific Newsletter
Editor's Notes from literature on Protein kinase C (PRKC)

Recent update from: 02.01.2000

PRKC

Notes

Isoforms d, e, z are Ca²⁺ independent

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (4)

PRKC

Notes

Phosphorylates at C-terminus of RHO
Phorpbol esters alter the phosphorylation pattern of RHO
Allosteric activator: diacylglycerol
Phosphorylates bleached and unbleached RHO
³² P incorporated in proteins of 33, 65, and 130 kDa
33 kDa = phosducin which is phosphorylated by PKA, 65 kDa = RHOK which is autophosphorylated
With Ca²⁺, phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol phosphorylation of 12 proteins including 40 kDa protein (GNAT)
in situ: only RHO substrate

Species:

See also: RHO

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (16)

PRKC

Notes

Ca²⁺ dependend isozyme

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (28)

PRKC

Notes

inaC P209 Drosophila null mutation

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (15)

PRKC

Notes

Isoforms a, b, g bind Ca²⁺ at V3 region

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (5)

PRKC

Notes

Only in rods

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (8)

PRKC

Notes

Diacylglycerol elevates Ca²⁺ affinity of PRKC => activation
Phospholipids and cis-unsaturated fatty acids enhance diacylglycerol-dependent activation
Varying molecular sizes of PLA2 in different cells
Ca²⁺ mobilizes PRKC
PRKCG and E are located in brain
Active at <1 mikroM Ca²⁺
Arachidonic-selective and non-selective PLA2

Species:

See also: PLA2

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (20)

PRKC

Notes

Immunoreactivity in bipolars of chicken retina
Same isoform in rods and cones

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (6)

PRKC

Notes

PRKCB in hyperpolarizing bipolars and amacrines

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (30)

PRKC

Notes

Phorbol myristate acetate increases the phosphorylation state of RHO at dim light
Phosphorylates at a single residue that may inhibit RHOK phosphorylation
Phorbolester activates modification

Species:

See also: RHO

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (19)

PRKC

Notes

Activating in 2 different ways proteolytic and nonproteolytic
Both are Ca²⁺ dependent
Activation by Ca²⁺ and membrane factor is reversible
Both are acquired because Ca²⁺ remove causes inhibition
Factors are PS and PI
Ca²⁺ binding causes PRKC to attach to membranes

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (24)

PRKC

Notes

Classes I: a, b1, b2, g
II: d, e, m, s
III: z, l

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (3)

PRKC

Notes

Phosphorylates a subunit of cGMP gated channel

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (13)

PRKC

Notes

No role in the inactivation of photolyzed RHO

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (21)

PRKC

Notes

Phosphorylates dark adapted and light-activated RHO
Activated by diacylglycerol
Requires phosphatidyl-serine for activation
Autophosphorylation
Incorporates1 M phosphate/ M receptor
[Ca²⁺]light = 140 nM, PRKC is activated by 200 mM
At lowest [Ca²⁺] illumination is high and phosphorylation by RHOK dominates

Species:

See also: RHO

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (18)

PRKC

Notes

Phorbol myristate treatment did not affect RHO phosphorylation in non-light-exposed retinas
PRKC modulates in light dependent manner
PRKC plays role in light adaptation
PRKC RHO-phosphorylation-site differs from RHOK
Most likely at residues of 3^rd and 4^th cytoplasmic loop or N-terminal part of carboxyl terminus
PRKC primarily phosphorylates at Thr
RHOK primarily phosphorylates at Ser
PRKC phosphorylation requires additional stimulus

Species: Bos taurus

See also: RHOK

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (17)

PRKCI

Notes

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 87000

Reference: (10)

PRKC

Notes

Ser-Thr-kinase
Light-dependent regulation of phototransduction cascade
PKC expression is restricted to photoreceptors (rhabdomers)
Closely linked to the inaC locus and an brain isoform of PRKC
US3741, inaC209, and inaC207 are defective for PRKC
rdgB is suppressed in PRKC mutant flies

Species: Drosophila melanogaster

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (23)

PRKC

Notes

ROS isozymes: 85 % belong to Ca²⁺-regulated conventional forms
PRKCA is the only detected in ROS by Western Blot due to contamination
50% of the PRKC activity cannot be accounted by the known isozymes
Implications for a new isozyme
New isozyme blongs to the conventionals
Activated by Ca²⁺, phospholipid and diacylglycerol
PRKCA, B1, B2, and G are Ca²⁺ regulated
Phophorylate GNAT, PDEG CNCG, SAG, RHO
1 PRKC per 10³ RHO by activity, 2000 RHO by binding-assays

Species: Rattus norvegicus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (27)

PRKCA, a

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 17q22-q24
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (5)

PRKCaIII, a type III

Notes

In ROS, IPL, OPL
Undergoes autophosphorylation

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 85 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (29)

PRKCB1, b1

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 16q11.2
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 673 AA,

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 76,9 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (5)

PRKC, brain

Notes

Major phorbol ester receptor
ATP binding
Conformation change on Ca²⁺ and phospholipid binding
Diacylglycerol is second messenger
4 cofactors: ATP, Ca²⁺, diacylglycerol, phospholipid

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA: 8.1+3.8+3.5 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 672 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 76 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (22)

PRKC, brain

Notes

COS cells exhibit Ca²⁺, phosphatidylserine, phorbolester, diacylglycerol dependence with rat genes
Diacylglycerol increase Ca²⁺ and phospholipid affinity
Conserved internal 50 AA repeat centered about a repeating unit of 6 Cys (necessary for ligand binding)

Species: Rattus norvegicus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (12)

PRKCG, C g

Notes

Marker: D16S572 - D19S418 (5cM)
In rabbit, frog, goldfish in retina
Founder effect by 5 cM shared genome
Mice are not a true PRKC model system
Polymorphisms and mutation

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 19q13.4
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers: 18 exons

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (1)

PRK, cAMP-dependent

Notes

Brain and heart PRK are myristoylated
Retina PRK is heterogeneously acylated like GNAT and RCV with enrichment of C14:0
The tissue localization defines form of acylation

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (11)

PRKCD, d

Notes

Isoforms a, b, g, d has cis acting form of tissue specific regulation
phosphorylates Ser and Thr

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 3p
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (9)

PRKCG, g

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 19q13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 697 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 78,4 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (5)

PRKCG, g

Notes

Regulatory domain (up to V3)
Catalytic domain (from V3 on)
ATP-Binding site (in C3)
Conserved (C1-C4) alternating with variable (V1-V5) domains
Hinge region
Reduced activity results in ADRP maybe due to constitutively active RHO
PRKCG knockout mice do not resemble the human phenotype

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 19q13.4
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 18

Primers: complete

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (2)

PRKCI, iota

Notes

PRKCI in kidney, muscle, lung, brain

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: Xq21.3
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 587 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 67258

Reference: (14)

PRKCI, iota

Notes

Species: Rattus norvegicus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 697 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 78366

Reference: (12)

PRKCII, PRKC II

Notes

Species: Rattus norvegicus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 673 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 76660

Reference: (12)

PRKC, rod

Notes

Phosphorylates RHO, PDEG, SAG
Free PDEG is better substrate than PDE-complex
Phosphorylates PDEG at Thr35
PIP stimulates phosphorylation of PDEG
PDEG-P has increased ability to inhibit PDEA/B
Results in graded response to bleaches of varying intensity

Species: Bos taurus

See also: PDEG

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (26)

PRKC, rod

Notes

Dependent on PS, PI and Ca²⁺
Membrane bound

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (10)

PRKC, ROS

Notes

Mediator of adaptation G at Thr35

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 83 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (25)

PRKC, q

Notes

9 mammalian PRKC (a, b, g, d, e, q, l, n)
PRKCQ in lymphoid tissues, particular T cells, hematopoietic stem cell lines, murine homologue in skelletal muscle

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 10p15
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids:

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE: 80 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (7)

PRKCZ, z

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Amino acids: 592 AA

Molecular weight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (3)

References:

1. al Maghtheh, M., Vithana, E., and Bhattacharya, S. Positional Cloning of the RP11 gene: Exclusion of 3 Candidates and A Mutation in PRKCG. 1998; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 39: S295
Goto Top

2. al Maghtheh, M., Vithana, E.N., Inglehearn, C.F., Moore, T., Bird, A.C., and Bhattacharya, S.S. Segregation of a PRKCG mutation in two RP11 families [letter]. 1998; Am.J.Hum.Genet. 62: 1248 - 1252.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

3. Barbee, J.L., Deutscher, S.L., Loomis, C.R., and Burns, D.J. The cDNA sequence encoding human protein kinase C-zeta. 1993; Gene. 132: 305 - 306.
Goto Top

4. Corrias, M.V., Guarnaccia, F., Cornagia Ferraris, P., and Ponzoni, M. Cloning and Sequencing of Isoform-Specific Regions of Human Ca2+-Independent Protein Kinase C (PKC)-Encoding Genes. 1994; Gene. 141: 307 - 308.
Goto Top

5. Coussens, L., Parker, P.J., Rhee, L., Yang Feng, T.L., Chen, E., Waterfield, M.D., Francke, U., and Ullrich, A. Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggest diversity in cellular signaling pathways Multiple, distinct forms of bovine and human protein kinase C suggest diversity in cellular signaling pathways. 1986; Science. 233: 859 - 866.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

6. Endert, U., Kohler, K., and Zrenner, E. Light and electron microscopic localization of protein kinase C in the chicken retina. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 1581
Goto Top

7. Erdel, M., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Duba, C., Isakov, N., Altman, A., Utermann, G., and Baier, G. Mapping of the human protein Kinase C-theta (PRKCQ) gene locus to the short arm of chromosome 10 (10p15) by FISH. 1995; Genomics. 25: 595 - 597.
Goto Top

8. Hargrave, P.A. and McDowell, J.H. Rhodopsin and phototransduction: a model system for G protein-linked receptors. 1992; FASEB Journal. 6: 2323 - 2331.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

9. Huppi, K., Siwarski, D., Goodnight, J., and Mischak, H. Assignment of the Protein Kinase C delta Polypeptide Gene (Prkcd) to Human Chromosome 3 and Mouse Chromosome 14. 1994; Genomics. 19: 161 - 162.
Goto Top

10. Inoue, M. and Isayama, Y. Calcium ion and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase in rod outer segment. 1984; Jpn.J.Ophthalmol. 28: 47 - 56.
Goto Top

11. Johnson, R.S., Ohguro, H., Palczewski, K., Hurley, J.B., Walsh, K.A., and Neubert, T.A. Heterogeneous N-acylation is a tissue- and species-specific posttranslational modification. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 21067 - 21071.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

12. Knopf, J.L., Lee, M.H., Sultzman, L.A., Kriz, R.W., Loomis, C.R., Hewick, R.M., and Bell, R.M. Cloning and expression of multiple protein kinase C cDNAs. 1986; Cell. 46: 491 - 502.
Goto Top

13. Liu, M.Y., Li, J., and Yau, K.W. Phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of human rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channel by protein kinase c and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35 (Suppl.): 1474
Goto Top

14. Mazzarella, R., Ciccodicola, A., Esposito, T., Arcucci, A., Migliaccio, C., Jones, C., Schlessinger, D., Durso, M., and Desposito, M. Human protein kinase C lota gene (PRKCI) is closely linked to the BTK gene in Xq21.3 - Brief report. 1995; Genomics. 26: 629 - 631.
Goto Top

15. Minke, B., Suss-Toby, E., Peretz, A., Rom-Glas, A., Selinger, Z., and Hardie, R.C. Protein kinase C is required for light adaptation and quantum bump termination in Drosophila photoreceptors. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1361
Goto Top

16. Newton, A. and Williams, D.S. Protein kinase C in rod outer segments. 1992; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 33 (Suppl.): 874
Goto Top

17. Newton, A.C. and Williams, D.S. Involvement of protein kinase C in the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. 1991; J.Biol.Chem. 266: 17725 - 17728.
Goto Top

18. Newton, A.C. and Williams, D.S. Does protein kinase C play a role in rhodopsin desensitization? 1993; Trends.Biochem.Sci. 18: 275 - 277.
Goto Top

19. Newton, A.C. and Williams, D.S. Rhodopsin is the major in situ substrate of protein kinase C in rod outer segments of photoreceptors Rhodopsin is the major in situ substrate of protein kinase C in rod outer segments of photoreceptors. 1993; J.Biol.Chem. 268: 18181 - 18186.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

20. Nishizuka, Y. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. 1992; Science. 258: 607 - 614.
Goto Top

21. Palczewski, K. and Saari, J.C. Activation And Inactivation Steps In The Visual Transduction Pathway. 1997; Current.Opinion.In Neurobiology. 7: 500 - 504.
Goto Top

22. Parker, P.J., Coussens, L., Totty, N., Rhee, L., Young, S., Chen, E., Stabel, S., Waterfield, M.D., and Ullrich, A. The complete primary structure of protein kinase C--the major phorbol ester receptor. 1986; Science. 233: 853 - 859.
Goto Top

23. Smith, D.P., Ranganathan, R., Hardy, R.W., Marx, J., Tsuchida, T., and Zuker, C.S. Photoreceptor Deactivation and Retinal Degeneration Mediated by a Photoreceptor-Specific Protein Kinase-C. 1991; Science. 254: 1478 - 1484.
Goto Top

24. Takai, Y., Kishimoto, A., Iwasa, Y., Kawahara, Y., Mori, T., and Nishizuka, Y. Calcium-dependent activation of a multifunctional protein kinase by membrane phospholipids Calcium-dependent activation of a multifunctional protein kinase by membrane phospholipids. 1979; J.Biol.Chem. 254: 3692 - 3695.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

25. Udovichenko, I.P., Cunnick, J., Gonzalez, K., and Takemoto, D. Functional effect of protein kinase C catalyzed phosphorylation of retinal cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1325
Goto Top

26. Udovichenko, I.P., Cunnick, J., Gonzalez, K., and Takemoto, D.J. Functional effect of phosphorylation of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit by protein kinase C Functional effect of phosphorylation of the photoreceptor phosphodiesterase inhibitory subunit by protein kinase C. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 9850 - 9856.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

27. Williams, D.S., Liu, X., Schlamp, C.L., Ondek, B., Jaken, S., and Newton, A.C. Characterization of protein kinase C in photoreceptor outer segments. 1997; J.Neurochem. 69: 1693 - 1702.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

28. Williams, D.S., Schlamp, C.L., Greene, N.M., and Newton, A.C. Structurally and functionally novel protein kinase C in rod outer segments. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1361
Goto Top

29. Wolbring, G. and Cook, N.J. Rapid purification and characterization of protein kinase C from bovine retinal rod outer segments Rapid purification and characterization of protein kinase C from bovine retinal rod outer segments. 1991; Eur.J.Biochem. 201: 601 - 606.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

30. Zhang, F.L., Diehl, R.E., Kohl, N.E., Gibbs, J.B., Giros, B., Casey, P.J., and Omer, C.A. cDNA cloning and expression of rat and human protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 3175 - 3180.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

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Contact the editor: irpamp@irpa.org	This site is maintained and edited by Dr. rer. medic. Markus Preising, Dipl.Biol. Molecular Genetics Laboratory Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismology and Ophthalmogenetics University of Regensburg Head: Prof. Dr. med. Birgit Lorenz