Retina International's Scientific Newsletter - Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Cation Channel

	Retina International's Scientific Newsletter
Editor's Notes from literature on Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Cation Channel (CNCG, CNGA)

Recent update from: 19.12.1999

CNCG

Notes

cGMP binds cooperatively
Cation selective
does not discriminate between monovalent ions
divalent ions block monovalent ion conductance current dependent
E363 binds Ca²⁺ current dependent

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (15)

CNCG

Notes

cGMP binds to a 240 kDa and 63 kDa protein

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (6)

CNCG

Notes

Ca²⁺ lowered affinity to cGMP

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (27)

CNCG

Notes

Two subunits in a hetero-oligomeric complex
Six hydrophobic segments, cNMP-binding domain near C-terminus, Voltage sensor motif, pore region
57% identity to CNG2 olfactory channel
Activity is reuglated directly by Ca²⁺/CaM

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (30)

CNCG

Notes

Only in plasmamembrane

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (12)

CNCG1

Notes

COS do not have incisures
Tubulin-IR along the incisures
CNCG2 has no cross IR to spektrin
Spektrin IR is focused along the incisures = channels are localized along the incisures
Spektrin connects the incisures with the plasmamembrane
In cones only the cilium is labled = cones channels only along the cilium
Incisure number: Human 9-12, Amphibia up to 20

Species: Xenopus laevis

See also: Spektrin

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (14)

CNCG1, alpha

Notes

CNCG1 is modulated by Tyr phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation decreases cGMP affinity by increase of stability of alosteric opening transit
Opening favors dephopshorylation and vice versa
Phosphorylation site in cGMP domain

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (28)

CNCG1, alpha

Notes

low expression in non retinal tissues

Species: Canis familiaris

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 691 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (38)

CNCG1, alpha cone

Notes

C-terminal aminoacid sequence stains COS
Channels are modified by removing N-terminal residues
Cation selective
Does not discriminate between alkali ions
Cooperatively activated by cGMP, blocked by divalent ions
65% similarity to bovine rod CNCG
Ion permeabilities resemble other CNCG

Species: Gallus gallus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3,2 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 735 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 75 kDa
	calculated: 85,031 Da

Reference: (5)

CNCG1, alpha cone

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2p11
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (36)

CNCG1, alpha rod

Notes

C-terminal aminoacid sequence stains COS
Channels are modified by removing N-terminal residues
Cation selective
Does not discriminate between alkali ions
Cooperatively activated by cGMP, blocked by divalent ions
75,5% similarity to bovine rod CNCG
Ion permeabilities resemble other CNCG

Species: Gallus gallus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3,5/2,8 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 645 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 66 kDa
	calculated: 74,778 Da

Reference: (5)

CNCG1, alpha subunit

Notes

Six hydrophobic segments, cNMP-binding domain near C-terminus, Voltage sensor motif, pore region
57% identity to CNG2 olfactory channel
Post-translationally removed N-terminus of rod and cone
Asn 604 is primary determinant for cNMP specificity
Ni²⁺ at His 420 stabilizes the open state, at His 396 the closed state
Pore region has 25 residues

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 63 kDa
	calculated:

Reference: (30)

CNCG2, beta 1

Notes

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 623 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 70843

Reference: (10)

CNG4.3, beta olfactory

Notes

cAMP dependent
Ofactory: alpha: CNG2 (OCNC1), beta: CNG5
Rod: alpha: CNG1, beta: CNG4.2 = CNG4.2 + GAR
Cone: alpha: CNG3, beta: CNG4

Species: Rattus norvegicus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (33)

CNCG2, beta subunit

Notes

Two regions: Channel and GARP
Deletion of GARP region does not affect channel properties
Contains CaM binding site
CaM binding results in lower affinity to ligand
Uoccupied CaM binding sites stabilize the open state

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 1394 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 240 kDa
	calculated: 155 kDa

Reference: (30)

CNGA3, Cone alpha

Notes

Gene is underlying achromatopsia
Cone specific
Markers: D2S2175, D2S373 (3 cM)
30 kb genomic DNA
2/3 of coding sequence in terminal exon
6 Helices
cGMP-binding motif

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2q11
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 7

Primers: Complete

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (25)

CNCG, subunit 1

Notes

heterooligomer (4x alpha)
Na⁺ inward current, open in dark
binds loosely 4 cGMP per subunit
only in plasma membrane !

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (24)

CNCG1, subunit 1

Notes

CNGC shows two residual sequence motifs
S4 voltage sensor, P pore forming segment
6 membrane spanning segments

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (20)

CNCG1, subunit 1

Notes

structural identity to voltage gated channel
C-terminus defines cGMP/cAMP specifity
N-terminus defines agonist efficiency and channel opening timing
p-domain contains channel pore
130 AA strech, which is homologous to other cNMP binding proteins

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (17)

CNCG1, Subunit 1

Notes

Splice variant removes 36 codons in frame but produces no functional channel

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Mrna: 3.5 kb

Exons: 10

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 686 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (13)

CNCG1, subunit 1

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4p12-cen
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (18)

CNCG1, subunit 1

Notes

Protein kinase C phosphorylates alpha subunit
6 transmembrane domains
cGMP binds to COOH terminus
phosphorylated at Ser 70/77 < Ser 114/116 by PRKC and PKA

Species: Homo sapiens

See also: PRKC

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (29)

CNCG1, subunit 1

Notes

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 5

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (32)

CNCG1, subunit 1 cone

Notes

Ca²⁺ decreases ligand sensitivity of channel
Bovine testis channel = cone channel
Identity to chicken cone CNCG1 78%
Contains 4 motifs: nucleotide-binding site, pore region, transmembrane elements, voltage-sensor-like S4 motif
Channel activity is 2 orders of magnitude lower than in rod outer segments
Rod and olfactory homologous are not expressed in sperm
Immunostain specific to cone outer segments
low abundance in sperm membranes

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 706 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 81132

Reference: (35)

CNCG1, subunit 1 cone

Notes

85% identity to bovine cone CNCG1
K1/2 = 18.1 +/- 3.4 uM cGMP at -60 mV, Hill = 2.1 +/- 0.2
L-cis-diltiazem inhibited at 10 uM

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 2
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 695 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 78.9 kDa

Reference: (37)

CNCG1, subunit 1, rod

Notes

Tigthly associated to a 240 kDa protein
Low Mr form is the predominant if not the only active form of CNCG1

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 690 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 63 kDa
	calculated: 79601

Reference: (31)

CNCG1, subunit 1, rod

Notes

Channel is composed of several copies of the 63 kDa CNCG1 SU
39 kDa SU has been identified to be glyceraldehyde-3-P DH
250 kDa polypeptide has been identified to be a spectrin relative
Channel only in plasma membrane
Cation selective but does not discriminate monovalent cations
CNCG1 is not blocked by l-cis-diltiazem

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (22)

CNCG1, subunit 1, rod

Notes

from postnatal day 1 on
Expressed by heart, kidney, and retina

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.2 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (1)

CNCG1, subunit 1, rod

Notes

Does not discriminate between alkali cations
3 to more cGMP bound at COOH-terminus region
4 or 6 transmembrane domains
Portion of the binding pocket may be burried in the membrane
l-cis-diltiazem sensitivcoopeartivly activated by cGMP
Channel activity by cooperatively binding at least 3 cGMP

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3,2 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 690 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 63 K
	calculated: 79601

Reference: (23)

CNCG1, subunit 1, rod

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 4p14-p13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.2 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 690 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (32)

Cncg, subunit 1, rod

Notes

88% similar to human CNCG1

Species: Mus musculus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse: 5

Gene Data

mRNA: 3.2 kb

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 683 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (32)

CNCG, subunit 2

Notes

binds Ca²⁺-calmodulin complex for negativ regulation=> reduced cGMP affinity

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (16)

CNCG2, subunit 2

Notes

cGMP binding at Tyr 515 - Met 580
240 kDa protein contains this region too
labeled fragment of 240 kDa protein = 63 kDa protein (CNCG2, hRCNC2a)
cGMP specificity is due to a alpha-helical stretch at residues 588 - 609

Species: Bos taurus

See also: CNCG3

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 70843

Reference: (7)

CNCG2, subunit 2

Notes

Complex transcription unit
physical alignment: 12 (g1-12) exons GAR1 - 6 (beta 1 - 6) exons CNCG2 - 4 (2a1-3,n) exons hRCNC2a
CNCG2 consists of g1-11+beta1-6+2a2-3,n
GAR1 is a soluble protein that is enriched in ROS
Mr/SDS-PAGE differences due to acidity of protein
beta2-4 exons show least homology to other vertebrate CNCG2

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 6q13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 1251 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 240 kDa
	calculated: ~140000

Reference: (2)

CNCG2, Subunit 2

Notes

Contains homologous C-terminal region to other nucleotide-gated channels
N-terminus is homologous to GARP
Mammalian rods contain 3 alternative spliced forms of GARP
N-terminal 92 AA are leader peptide
Splice variant GRAP is not a third subunit

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 1251 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 220 kDa
	calculated: 140 kDa

Reference: (11)

CNCG2, subunit 2

Notes

Inhibition by Ca²⁺-CaM
Inhibition at ca. 4 mM Ca²⁺
N-terminus binds Ca2-CaM at low affinity but is crucial for CaM modulation
Deletion of binding region on the C-terminus did not abolish CaM inhibition
Model of positive cooperativity of CNCG2 subunits in heterotetrameric channel complexes to achieve the inhibition rates

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (19)

CNCG2, subunit 2

Notes

240 kDa beta-SU binds Ca²⁺-calmodulin
Ca²⁺ modulation
alpha + beta 1 (2a) SU (short spliced form) = no Ca²⁺-calmodulin effect
alpha + beta 2 (2b) SU (long spliced form) = Ca²⁺ modulation
beta SU do not form active channels
beta2 has longer N-terminus
beta 1 = 70 kDa
beta 2 = 100 kDa

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (9)

CNCG2, subunit 2, rod

Notes

Regulatory elements: Ret-1/PCE1, CRX, putative E-box
Genomic > 100 kb

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 33

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (4)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

beta-subunit 240 kDa protein is calmodulin target
Calmodulin binding increases Km Ca²⁺ from 33 microM to 44 microM

Species: Bos taurus

See also: Calmodulin

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (21)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

2,4 kb mRNA
forms complex with GNAT GNG
2 repeats of 11 aminoacids in a region of 68 Glu of 109 aminoacids
Glutamic acid rich protein (68 of 109 in a Glu rich domain)
ORF = 1770 bp

Species: Bos taurus

See also: GNT

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

mRNA: 2,4 kDa

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 590 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 65 kDa
	calculated: 64509

Reference: (34)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

30% overall idendtity to the channel SU

Species: Bos taurus

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 909 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 65 kDa
	calculated: 102330

Reference: (10)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

CNCG3 = hRCNC2b
integral component of 240 kDa protein
binds Ca²⁺-Calmodulin complex, which decreases the channel sensivity to cGMP
Labeled cGMP labels CNCG2/3 and CNCG1
63 kDa SU is labeled at V524, V525, A526

Species: Bos taurus

See also: CNCG2

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

cDNA:

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 102330

Reference: (7)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 16q13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (2)

CNCG3, subunit 3

Notes

Ca²⁺ binding site in beta 2 subunit at N-terminus
beta subunit is regulating

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (8)

CNCG3,GAR1, subunit 3

Notes

Diffrences in Mr/SDS-PAGE due to acidity of protein
GAR1 is a soluble protein that is enriched in ROS

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 6q13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE: 67 kDa
	calculated: 32000

Reference: (2)

CNCG3, subunit 3, rod

Notes

homology to bovine CNCG3 90% in the first 31 aminoacids, 60% throughout the rest
IP is very acidic
covalently linked to CNCG2 in a 240 kDa complex

Species: Homo sapiens

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man: 16q13
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons: 12

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids: 299 AA

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated: 32 kDa

Reference: (3)

CNCGb, subunit beta

Notes

complete CNCGB equals the 240 kDa band in rod photoreceptors
unusual bipartite structure: N-terminus equals GAR-1, C-terminus equals beta-subunit

Species:

See also:

Chromosomal localisation	in man:
	in mouse:

Gene Data

Exons:

Primers:

Protein Data

Aminoacids:

Molecularweight	on SDS-PAGE:
	calculated:

Reference: (26)

References:

1. Ahmad, I., Redmond, L.J., and Barnstable, C.J. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of the rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated ion channel gene. 1990; Biochem.Biophys.Res.Comm. 173: 463 - 470.
Goto Top

2. Ardell, M.D., Aragon, I., Oliveira, L., Porche, G.E., Burke, E., and Pittler, S.J. The beta subunit of human rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel is generated from a complex transcription unit. 1996; FEBS Letters. 389: 213 - 218.
Goto Top

3. Ardell, M.D., Makhija, A.K., Oliveira, L., Miniou, P., Viegas Pequignot, E., and Pittler, S.J. cDNA, gene structure, and chromosomal localization of human GAR1 (CNCG3L), a homolog of the third subunit of bovine photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel. 1995; Genomics. 28: 32 - 38.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

4. Ardell, M.D., Pendley, D.S., McLeod, G.I., Bedsole, D.L., and Pittler, S.J. Characterization Of The Human Rod Photoreceptor cGMP-Gated Cation Channel B Subunit Gene. 1998; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 39: S299
Goto Top

5. Bonigk, W., Altenhofen, W., Muller, F., Dose, A., Illing, M., Molday, R.S., and Kaupp, U.B. Rod and cone photoreceptor cells express distinct genes for cGMP-gated channels. 1993; Neuron. 10: 865 - 877.
Goto Top

6. Brown, R.L., Gramling, R., Bert, R.J., and Karpen, J.W. Identification by photoaffinity labeling of peptide regions within retinal rod cGMP-activated channel subunits involved in cGMP binding. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35 (Suppl.): 1473
Goto Top

7. Brown, R.L., Gramling, R., Bert, R.J., and Karpen, J.W. Cyclic GMP contact points within the 63-kDa subunit and a 240-kDa associated protein of retinal rod cGMP-activated channels. 1995; Biochemistry. 34: 8365 - 8370.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

8. Chen, T.Y., Illing, M., Molday, L., Molday, R.S., and Yau, K.W. Site of Ca2+-calmodulin action on the cyclic GMP-activated channel of retinal rods. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1474
Goto Top

9. Chen, T.Y., Illing, M., Molday, L.L., Hsu, Y.T., Yau, K.W., and Molday, R.S. Subunit 2 (or beta) of retinal rod cGMP-gated cation channel is a component of the 240-kDa channel-associated protein and mediates Ca(2+)-calmodulin modulation. 1994; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 91: 11757 - 11761.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

10. Chen, Y., Goldflam, S., Johnson, C., West, K., and Crabb, J.W. The CRAlBP Retinoid Binding Domain. 1993; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 34: 1198
Goto Top

11. Colville, C.A. and Molday, R.S. Primary structure and expression of the human beta-subunit and related proteins of the rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel. 1996; J.Biol.Chem. 271: 32968 - 32974.
Goto Top

12. Cook, N.J., Molday, L.L., Reid, D., Kaupp, U.B., and Molday, R.S. The cGMP-gated channel of bovine rod photoreceptors is localized exclusively in the plasma membrane. 1989; J.Biol.Chem. 264: 6996 - 6999.
Goto Top

13. Dhallan, R.S., Macke, J.P., Eddy, R.L., Shows, T.B., Reed, R.R., Yau, K.W., and Nathans, J. Human rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel: amino acid sequence, gene structure, and functional expression. 1992; Journal.of.Neuroscience. 12: 3248 - 3256.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

14. Eckmiller, M.S. and Toman, A. Association of kinesin with microtubules in diverse cytoskeletal systems in the outer segments of rods and cones. 1998; Acta Anat.(Basel). 162: 133 - 141.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

15. Eismann, E., Muller, F., Heinemann, S.H., and Kaupp, U.B. A single negative charge within the pore region of a cGMP-gated channel controls rectification, Ca2+ blockage, and ionic selectivity. 1994; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 91: 1109 - 1113.
Goto Top

16. Gordon, S.E., Brautigan, D.L., and Zimmerman, A.L. Protein phosphatases modulate the apparent agonist affinity of the light-regulated ion channel in retinal rods. 1992; Neuron. 9: 739 - 748.
Goto Top Link to PudMed

17. Goulding, E.H., Tibbs, G.R., and Siegelbaum, S.A. Molecular mechanism of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel activation. 1994; Brain.Dev. 372: 369 - 374.
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18. Griffin, C.A., Ding, C.L., Jabs, E.W., Hawkins, A.L., Li, X., and Levine, M.A. Human rod cGMP-gated cation channel gene maps to 4p12-->centromere by chromosomal in situ hybridization. 1993; Genomics. 16: 302 - 303.
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19. Grunwald, M.E., Yu, W.P., Yu, H.H., and Yau, K.W. Identification of a domain on the beta-subunit of the rod cGMP-gated cation channel that mediates inhibition by calcium-calmodulin. 1998; J.Biol.Chem. 273: 9148 - 9157.
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20. Henn, D.K., Baumann, A., and Kaupp, U.B. Probing the transmembrane topology of cyclic nucleotide- gated ion channels with a gene fusion approach. 1995; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 92: 7425 - 7429.
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21. Hsu, Y.T. and Molday, R.S. Interaction of calmodulin with the cyclic GMP-gated channel of rod photoreceptor cells. Modulation of activity, affinity purification, and localization. 1994; J.Biol.Chem. 269: 29765 - 29770.
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22. Kaupp, U.B. The cyclic nucleotide-gated channels of vertebrate photoreceptors and olfactory epithelium. 1991; Trends.Neurosci. 14: 150 - 157.
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23. Kaupp, U.B., Niidome, T., Tanabe, T., Terada, S., Bonigk, W., Stuhmer, W., Cook, N.J., Kangawa, K., Matsuo, H., and Hirose, T. Primary structure and functional expression from complementary DNA of the rod photoreceptor cyclic GMP-gated channel. 1989; Brain.Dev. 342: 762 - 766.
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24. King, A.J., Andjelkovic, N., Hemmings, B.A., and Akhtar, M. The phospho-opsin phosphatase from bovine rod outer segments -An insight into the mechanism of stimulation of type-2A protein phosphatase activity by protamine. 1994; Eur.J.Biochem. 225: 383 - 394.
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25. Kohl, S., Marx, T., Giddings, I., Jagle, H., Jacobson, S.G., Apfelstedt-Sylla, E., Zrenner, E., Sharpe, L.T., and Wissinger, B. Total colourblindness is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel. 1998; Nat.Genet. 19: 257 - 259.
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26. Korschen, H.G., Illing, M., Seifert, R., Sesti, F., Williams, A., Gotzes, S., Colville, C., Muller, F., Dose, A., Godde, M., Molday, L., Kaupp, U.B., and Molday, R.S. A 240 kDa protein represents the complete beta subunit of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel from rod photoreceptor. 1995; Neuron. 15: 627 - 636.
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27. Koutalos, Y., Nakatani, K., and Yau, K. Modulation of the cGMP-gated channel of retinal rods by Ca2+. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35: 1474
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28. Kramer, R.H. and Molokanova, E. Vascularization Of The RPE In Retinal Degenerations: Differences In Mutant Rhodopsin Transgenic Mice. 1998; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 39: S964
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29. Liu, M.Y., Li, J., and Yau, K.W. Phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain of human rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channel by protein kinase c and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. 1994; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 35 (Suppl.): 1474
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30. Molday, R.S. Calmodulin regulation of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels. 1996; Curr.Opin.Neurobiol. 6: 445 - 452.
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31. Molday, R.S., Molday, L.L., Dose, A., Clark Lewis, I., Illing, M., Cook, N.J., Eismann, E., and Kaupp, U.B. The cGMP-gated channel of the rod photoreceptor cell characterization and orientation of the amino terminus. 1991; J.Biol.Chem. 266: 21917 - 21922.
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32. Pittler, S.J., Lee, A.K., Altherr, M.R., Howard, T.A., Seldin, M.F., Hurwitz, R.L., Wasmuth, J.J., and Baehr, W. Primary structure and chromosomal localization of human and mouse rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel. 1992; J.Biol.Chem. 267: 6257 - 6262.
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33. Sautter, A., Zong, X.G., Hofmann, F., and Biel, M. An Isoform Of The Rod Photoreceptor Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Beta Subunit Expressed In Olfactory Neurons. 1998; Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95: 4696 - 4701.
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34. Sugimoto, Y., Yatsunami, K., Tsujimoto, M., Khorana, H.G., and Ichikawa, A. The amino acid sequence of a glutamic acid-rich protein from bovine retina as deduced from the cDNA sequence. 1991; Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 88: 3116 - 3119.
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35. Weyand, I., Godde, M., Frings, S., Weiner, J., Muller, F., Altenhofen, W., Hatt, H., and Kaupp, U.B. Cloning and functional expression of a cyclic-nucleotide-gated channel from mammalian sperm. 1994; Nature. 368: 859 - 863.
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36. Wissinger, B. and Zrenner, E. Identification of the gene encoding the ?-subunit of the cGMP gated cation channel in human cone photoreceptors. 1995; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. Suppl. S278
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37. Yu, W.P., Grunwald, M.E., and Yau, K.W. Molecular cloning, functional expression and chromosomal localization of a human homolog of the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel of retinal cone photoreceptors. 1996; FEBS Lett. 393: 211 - 215.
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38. Zhang, K., Li, N., Otto-Bruc, A., Haeseleer, F., Fariss, R.N., Huang, J., Bronson, J.D., Subbaraya, I., Milam, A., Palczewski, K., and Baehr, W. Cloning Expression, And Immunolocalization Of Frog GCAPs. 1997; Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 38: S21
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